Weinberg’s String Quartet No. 6 in E minor, Op. 35, was written in 1946, 20
July–24 August. It represents a culmination of all that Weinberg had
achieved in the genre thus far, and it remained a high water-mark for
many years. This large six-movement work, lasting over half an hour in
performance, condensed all of his previous work in large-scale forms and
mastery of the quartet medium. The Sixth Quartet is dedicated to Georgy
Sviridov, a pupil of Shostakovich’s who wrote in a neo-romantic vein,
and with whom Weinberg was close friends at the time of writing.
Sviridov’s diaries, published posthumously, revealed him to be a vicious
anti-semite, but it appears this was not a barrier to his friendship
with Weinberg. Some have suggested that Sviridov’s views could explain
Shostakovich’s sudden break with him in the 1960s.
The Sixth Quartet was almost immediately recognised as a significant
work, and Myaskovsky intervened to secure its publication. Myaskovsky
and Weinberg had been friends since 1940, and at one period shared an
exchange of each other’s works similar to that between Weinberg and
Shostakovich. The Composer's Union in the USSR was undoubtedly a
peculiar organisation, one which allocated performance and publication
rights to each composer. As a result, a work could be successfully
published but never performed. This directly led to a ban on the Sixth Quartet in 1948, as it was named, along
with several other works by Weinberg, in the infamous 'Prikaz No. 17'
(Order No. 17), which featured works barreed from broadcast and
performance. This order was revoked a year later, but its effects lasted
for several years, and the Sixth Quartet never secured a performance
during Weinberg’s lifetime, despite being republished in 1979. The world
premiere would not occur for many years, with the first performance by
the Quatuor Danel in Manchester, January 2007. Only following this has
the Sixth Quartet come to be recognised as one of Weinberg's
masterpieces, a work to rival the quartets of Shostakovich.
First movement, 'Allegro semplice'
First movement on youtube
The quartet opens with a subdued movement in sonata form, with a distinctive lightness of form from the outset. Indeed, in his Fifth and Sixth Quartets, Weinberg preceded Shostakovich, achieving a lightness of texture that would go on to to characterise Shostakovich's later quartets, particularly his Fifth Quartet of 1952.
The first theme is distinct, with its long minim notes and semiquaver flurries, elements that become focal points in the development. This apparently melancholic theme undergoes a process of 'roughening up', returning in a highly aggressive state after the development. The opening movement also introduces what will become a focal point for melodic and harmonic organisation in the quartet: the emphasis on expanded modes, rather than major or minor scales. (The somewhat unusual Locrian mode features prominently across the work).
Second movement, 'Presto agitato'
Link for second movement
The second movement is the opposite of its predecessor in tone and energy. Marked ‘Presto Agitato’, it can be compared to the middle movement of the Fifth Quartet and the macabre tone of the Fourth Quartet, though the tendency here is more akin to the Fifth Quartet.
The 'roughening up' observed in the first movement erupts into full violence here, with a stormy mood throughout this movement. This can be heard in the rapid semiquaver movement throughout, combined with a regular pulse (in an almost Stravinskian fashion). Listen out for the rapid triplet figurations that descend through the parts at key cadential markers. The 'B' section material is distinct with its focus on quavers rhythms and a steadily increasing chromatic density. A 'C' section ruminates on both themes, before a lop-sided recapitulation of the 'B' section brings the movement to a close. As such, the work is in a somewhat unbalanced arch-form structure, with no recapitulation of the opening 'A' material'. However, this can perhaps be explained by the third movement.
Third movement, 'Allegro con fuoco'
Link
The second and third movement link
attacca, and the opening of the third shares much of its character with its predecessor. They have identical metronome markings, and are only separated in performance by a quaver rest. This movement is extremely short, only extended by the lengthened solo passages in the first violin. As such, it can be viewed as a brief linking passage between the second and fourth movements.
The opening material is derived straight from the second movement, while the quasi-candenza passages in the first violin come to be crucial marking points later in the quartet. It is tempting to suggest that in the Sixth Quartet, Weinberg approaches mastery of the genre, if we choose to read this movement as a commentary on what precedes and follows it. If we do, this would make it comparable to techniques scholars have observed in the late quartets of Beethoven, particularly Op. 131 (which is similarly outside the standard four-movement model for quartets, having seven movements). [N.B. - I do not wish to elevate Weinberg here to the status or quality of Beethoven's late quartets, I wish merely to point out several similarities that can be observed between the two composer's works. D.E.]
Fourth movement, 'Adagio'
Link
The fourth movement returns to a focus on textural lightness, and another break in character, as it opens in a slow fugato texture. The parts enter in a textbook-like manner, before ruminations on the theme. Again, the theme undergoes a process of 'darkening' or 'roughening' as heard in the first movement, before a restatement of the quasi-candenza passage from the third movement. This passage can now be understood to be transforming into a uniting cyclical aspect of the work.
Fifth movement, 'Moderato'
Link
This movement introduces a Schubert-like play between major and minor modes, first heard in the opening phrase, with an alternation between major and minor third in the accompanying parts. Relatively straight-forward tonal passages are linked by more chromatically complex bridging sections, in a manner already observed in much of Weinberg's writing up to 1946.
The most distinctive motif in this movement can be heard in the middle section, where the cello takes the limelight, with a line full of dotted minims, bridged with links dominated by semiquavers. Above this, the accompanying parts give a frantic accompaniment, providing the harmony above the cello. Each of these gestures finishes with a violent sforzando pizzicato chord in the viola, providing a hint of violence in what is otherwise an ethereal and tender movement.
Sixth movement, 'Andante maestoso'
Link
The final movement can be read as a neat summary of the whole quartet, as well as incorporating several techniques that pervade Weinberg's quartets from the Third onwards. These include violent pizzicato chords as accompaniment, melodies harmonised in thirds across parts, chromatic ‘slips’ in melodic lines to give a suggestion of cheekiness, and flattened modality.
The Locrian mode, as mentioned above, here provides a main focus, before several cyclical passages recall the previous movements of the quartet. Most strikingly, this includes the candenza passage that has proven so pervasive throughout the work since the Third movement. Weinberg combines this with an ascending major passage that becomes the main non-cyclical motif for the movement. The combination of recalled themes brings the movement, and the quartet to a gentle close.
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Following the Sixth Quartet, Weinberg took a break from the genre, not writing another for some eleven years. Despite its lack of a performance, the work gained notoriety at the Composer's Union, primarily through published scores and piano four-hands private performances. As a result, it was banned from performances, and was later held up against Weinberg as too bold for its time. Only now is the Sixth Quartet coming to enjoy the reputation it deserves.
Recommended recordings:
Quatuor Danel, Mieczysław Weinberg, Complete String Quartets, Vol. 3, CPO label
Quatuor Danel on Amazon.co.uk
An excellent rendition by the ensemble that premiered the work, Manchester's own quartet-in-residence.
Pacifica Quartet, The Soviet Experience, Vol. 3, Cedille label
Pacifica Quartet on Amazon.co.uk
The Pacifica Quartet's 'Soviet Experience' project sees them combining Shostakovich quartets with contemporary Soviet works, and their third release features Weinberg's Sixth Quartet in an exhilarating performance. Can't recommend enough.
